China Guide
Well selected knowledge about China for your reference
 
 
Chinese Festivals & Celebrations
 
Chinese New Year The Lantern Festival Pure and Bright Dragon Boat Festival
Chinese Valentine's Day The Mid-autumn Day The Double Ninth Festival Other celebrations
 

In China with more than 5,000 years of history, many festivals have gradually been shaped. The origins of China 's traditional festivals can be traced to the Shang Dynasty (16th -11th century B.C.). According to their origins, China 's festivals mainly fall into three categories, agricultural, religious and social festivals. According to their contents, Chinese festivals can be divided into five kinds, including of agricultural, commemorative, recreational and celebratory festivals. Agricultural festivals, such as the Beginning of the Spring, the Spring Equinox and so on, are mainly concerned with farming, forestry, fishing and hunting activities. Sacrificial festival, the Pure Brightness for example, is derived from religious sacrificing days, on which people offer sacrifices to Gods, their ancestors and deceased relatives to pray for protection against evil spirits and disasters. Commemorative festivals are festivals when people commemorate national heroes. Recreational festivals are usually spent with singing, dancing, and other recreational activities, of which the Song or Torch Festivals of some minority ethnic groups are the examples. As to the celebration festivals, they are the main festivals of China , typical of which is the Spring Festival. As civilization advanced, these festivals have infiltrated and influenced with each other and gradually blended to form China 's festival today.

 
Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival )

 

According to the Chinese Agricultural Calendar, Chinese Spring Festival begins with the New Moon and ends on the Full Moon £¬ that is from the first day to the 15th day of the first month. The last day of the New Year is known as the Lantern Festival.

The origin of the Spring Festival now is too old to be traced. It is widely believed that the word ¡®Nian'(in Chinese means ¡®year'), was first the name of a monster beast that started to prey on human being at the night before the beginning of a new year. It had a very big mouth that would swallow many people with one bite. People were very scared. One day, an old man came to their rescue, offering to subdue ¡®Nian'. He said to ¡®Nian' that ¡®I hear that you are quite capable, but can you swallow other beasts on earth instead of people who are by no means of your worthy opponents?' Hence, ¡®Nian' did swallow many of the beasts of prey on earth that also harassed people and their domestic animals from time to time. After that, the old man who turned out to be an immoral fairy disappeared riding the beast ¡®Nian'. Now that ¡®Nian' had gone and other beasts of prey are scared off into the forests, people began to enjoy their life in peace and happiness. Before the old man left, he had told people to put up red paper decorations on their windows and doors at each year's end to scare away ¡®Nian' in case it sneaked back again, because red is the color that the beast feared most.

From then on, the tradition of observing the conquest of ¡®Nian' is carried on from generation to generation. The term ¡®Guo Nian', which may mean ¡®Survive the Nian' becomes today's ¡®Celebrate the New Year', as the word ¡®Guo' in Chinese having both the meaning of ¡®pass-over' and ¡®observe'. The custom of putting up red paper and firing firecrackers to scare away ¡®Nian' had been well preserved.

Equal to Christmas of the West in significance, the Spring Festival is the most important holiday in China . Two features distinguish it from the other festivals. One is seeing off the old year and greeting the new. The other is family reunion.

Two weeks before the festival the whole country is permeated with a holiday atmosphere. On the 8th day of the twelfth lunar month, many families will make the Laba Congee, a kind of congee made from more than eight treasures, including the glutinous rice, lotus seed, beans, gingko, millet and so on. Shops and streets are beautifully decorated and every household is busy at shopping and preparing for the festival. In the past, all families would make a throughout house cleaning, settling accounts and clearing off debts, by which to pass the year. After putting up couplets and pictures in the doors on the Lunar New Year's Eve, the last day of the twelfth moon in the Chinese lunar calendar , each family gathers for a sumptuous meal called ¡®family reunion dinner'. People will enjoy the food and drink in abundance and Jiaozi. The meal is more luxurious than usual. Dishes such as chicken, fish and bean curd is necessary, for in Chinese, their pronunciations sounds like ¡®Ji', ¡®Yu', and ¡®Doufu', with the meanings of auspicious, abundant and rich. Sons and daughters working away from home come back to join their parents. After dinner, people sit together before the TV to watch the New Year's program and chat with each other. About ten minutes before the ringing of the New Year's bell, people let out the fireworks to welcome back the Kitchen God from the Heaven, who is in charge of the fortune and misfortune of the household he dwells.

Some of the customs based on superstitions are quite interesting. For example, on New Year's Day, people will not sweep the floor, do washing or dump their garbage out of the house, lest these would do away with their fortune. On the Lunar New Year's Eve, people like to stick the Chinese character ¡®Happiness' upside down on doors or walls, because ¡®upside down' in Chinese is a homophone of ¡®coming' or ¡®arriving'. The custom of pasting couplets on the doors has a long history, in the ancient times, people hung short branches of peach tree on the doors or at the front gates for the purpose of driving away the evil things. Later they became peach wood boards with some Chinese characters written on them. With the invention of paper, on each of which was written a verse line to welcome the New Year to express wishes for happiness and good fortune. During the long time development, spring couplets have become a special form of literature with their own characteristic.

Some of the customs have been waken, while some of them still followed today and gain a new form. On the first three days of the festival, people will visit their close relatives and best friends, exchanging greetings and presents, which is known as the ¡®New Year's Visit'. The young generation are given the red envelop from their elder generation. The Spring Festival carnivals take place during this period. There are performances of dragon dancing, lion dancing and recreational parades in the street by some troupes. The fifth day is known as ¡®Po Woo'. On this day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits relatives and friends because it will bring both parts bad luck. From the sixth day to the tenth day, people either go out the visit their relatives or friends or go to the temples to pray for good fortune and health in the coming year. In addition, the seventh day is the day for farmers to display their agricultural products. The day also considered as the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity. As to the ninth day, people present the offering to the Jade Emperor, the God of the Heaven in Chinese Legend. When it comes to the tenth day, relatives and friends should be invited home to have dinner. After such a long time's sumptuous feast, on the 13th day people are supposed to have something simple and light to cleanse their body system to keep health.

 
Activities

Regarding to different places around the nation, people will have different activities to celebrate the festival. During the festival, there are many operas and other performances on the stages.

In northern China, troupes will perform ¡®Cai Gaoqiao', means walking on stilts, which requires very high skills and good sense of balance. The performers tie two wooden stilts to their feet, which makes them taller than others. Then they will do some funny movements or folk dance. People can see this kind of performance in Beijing, Tianjin as well as Liaoning and Shandong Provinces, etc.

In Shaanxi Province, people will have chance to enjoy the live ¡®Yangge' performance. The performance is the combination of music, dance and feats including the skill of handkerchiefs and the movements of feet. It is the most popular perform art that originated from rice planting and farming in north China countryside. By enjoythe Yangge together with the sound of firecrackers and drums, people will have the exact and direct feeling of how lively the atmosphere in the northern villages. In the small village in northern Shaanxi Province named Ansai, nearly every one can play Waist Drum that originated in the ancient rituals to ancestor worship. The skill now has become a famous celebration performance art. The performers some times more than 100, jump and dance in unison to the tempo of drums. It gives people an unforgivable expression of magnificence and strong power, especially against the background of rolling mountain ranges and deep valleys.

In the capital city Beijing, the most Spring-Festival activity is Temple Fair which held in different ancient temples. Temple fair in Beijing has a time-honored history. Traditionally, there are various kinds of performances in temple. Besides, one can find traditional arts and handicrafts as well as countless tasty local smacks from craftsmen and vendors along the streets. Most temple fairs are features by their dragon and lion dancing as well as folk performances. For foreign visitors, it is a rare opportunity to experience Chinese colorful culture and tradition.

In Guangzhou City in southern China, the locals will have the Lion Dance that is the most attractive activities among the numerous celebrations. Lion is regarded as a mascot by Chinese, so the dance of Lion is believed to bring good luck and drive away the evil spirits. The performers will move imitating a lion to the beats of drums and gongs. Besides the Lion Dance, the Flower Fair is also very popular in the city. When the Spring Festival approaches, the florists from suburbs will set up the temporary shacks to sell their fresh and fragrant flowers. Then the street will be bustled with people who intend to buy flowers preparing for the Spring Festival. Traditionally, people like to buy a potted tree with lovely small tangerines hanging in it. In Cantonese, tangerine sounds like ¡®Ji', which means good luck and wealth. The flower fair usually starts three days before the Spring Festival. For locals, there could be no Spring Festival if there is no flower fair. The fair has a history more than 5,00 years in the city, that might be another reason why Guangzhou is famed as the ¡®City of Flower '.

Guilin City in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is another place to enjoy the wonderful Lion Dance in different way. The lion dance is one of the most spectacular events in the city in the festive seasons. The lion is played by two actors, one of them play the head part to liven up the lion by moving the lion's eyes, mouth and ears: and another one is in charge of the body part. For the lion dance combine the art with Kung Fu, so many players have been trained. The climax of the dance is known as ¡®Picking the Green' or ¡®Cai Qing' in Chinese. The Green refers to vegetable leaves tied with a red envelope containing money, which is hung high above the door of the house or business. The dramatic moment of the lion picking will be very impressive.

Dragon Dance is another traditional festive performance that can not be missed. Dragon is regarded as the symbol of deity, emperor and imperial power. In the ancient times, people believed that dragon can make clouds and rain, so once in dry season, they played dragon dance to ask for rain and agreeable weather. In their minds, this creature is friendly and helpful, who inhabits in the body of water. When play the dragon dance, people prefer the longer dragon, the longer the better. In some communities, the dragons are so long that require twenty to thirty people to play it. Generally, the Dragon Dance is played by many people with specially made stage props in their hands. One person uses a pearl-like thing to lead the dragon. The dragon will follow it rising or falling, slowly or rapidly. The scene likes that the dragon sometimes flies up to the sky, and sometimes hiding under the ocean and breaking waves. The fire dragon is made with candles put into each section of the dragon body. When performed at night, firecrackers are set off at the time. The visitors see an excellent scene of the fire dragon shuttling back and forth among fireworks. The performance can be seen in many cities in China .

 
The first day
of the New Year is to welcome the gods of the heavens and earth.
On the second day
Chinese people pray to their ancestors as well as to all the gods.
The third and fourth days
are for the sons-in-laws to pay respect to their parents-in-law.
The fifth day
is known as ¡®Po Woo'. On the day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits relatives and friends on this day because it will bring both parts bad luck.
On the sixth to the 10th day
the Chinese visit their relatives and friends freely. They also go to the temples to pray for good fortune and health in the coming year. In addition, the seventh day of the New Year is the day for farmers to display their produce. The seventh day is also considered as the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity and fish for affluence.
The ninth day
is to present the offerings to the Jade Emperor, the God of the Heaven in Chinese legend.
From the 10th to 12th
are days that friends and relatives should be invited home to have dinner. After such a sumptuous feast, on the 13th day people are supposed to have simple meals to cleanse the system.
On the 15th day
people celebrate the Lantern Festival by eating Sweet Dumplings, making and displaying lanterns.
 
The Lantern Festival

 

The Lantern Festival is one of the most traditional festivals. Falling on the 15th day of the first Lunar Calendar month, it is a ¡®festival within a festival', that considered as the end of Spring Festival. According to the historical records, the festival began to prevail during the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.- 24 A .D.) and flourished during the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 A .D.) and Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 A .D.). Its present name is in fact derived from the Tang Dynasty custom of hanging out lanterns on the night of the festival. Lantern can break darkness, illuminate the land as well as bring brightness and hope to people. So the Lantern Festival has been observed by people for more than 1,000 years and celebrated all over the country.

On the night of the festival, temples and businesses are decorated with colorful lanterns made of paper, gauze and glass, painting with legendary figures, landscapes as well as the flowers and birds. There are also the performances of drums and dragon dance in the street and lanes. One the day, people will eat sweet round dumplings made of glutinous rice flour filled with various kinds of fillings. The snack is called Yuanxiao in Chinese, so the festival is also named the Yuanxiao Festival.

In the old days, the way people celebrated the festival varied from place to place. In the northern China, people made lanterns of ice in shapes of human figures, buildings and fruits with a candle light in them. When all the candles were lit, the lanterns show became a marvelous sight. In some cities of south with a river flowing through, people made paper boats, by which the lanterns are floating. In Beijing City , many worshipers would go to the White Cloud Temple , where they burn the scents, offer up prayers and sacrifices as well as donate money, wishing to expel bad luck and disaster in the coming year. A trade market was held in the capital between the eighth and sixteenth days. People could buy lanterns, flowers, and many other things. Beijing 's Lantern Fair was usually held at the north end of Wangfujing Street. In Suzhou , Jiangsu Province, a lantern was lit in the kitchen from the thirteenth until and eighteenth day. The first night was called ¡®trying the lantern', and the last night ¡®extinguishing the lantern'.

At present, most lantern festivals are held in public parks in cities and towns. People will have the riddles written on the lanterns. It will be the great fun to have a guess. The lanterns are more varied and colorful.

 
Pure and Bright (Qingming)

 

Qingming in Chinese means the weather pure and bright in spring days. The date usually turns out to be the fourth, fifth, or sixth of April, thus people go out to celebrate the coming of the new season. It is also a Tomb Sweeping Day for some Chinese people, on which people visit their ancestors' graves, pay respects to the dead and hold memorial ceremonies in honor of their ancestors. This is one of many ways to express their filial love. As part of honoring the dead, people would also spend some time cleaning the grave area. They would uproot the weed, plant some new trees, wipe the tombstones and decorate it with fresh flowers.

During the days around Qingming, the nature wakes up and dresses the world in green. Everything is new and fresh; therefore, Qingming is also a happy occasion for outdoor activities, such as picnicking, kite flying and so on. This might be an important reason why the festival has been very popular for thousands of years.
 
Dragon Boat Festival

 

The festival is celebrated at the fifth of the fifth lunar calendar. In this day, Chinese people will eat Zongzi and hold Dragon Boat race in honor of the great poem Qu Yuan during the Warring States Period (475 B.C.- 221 B.C.). Qu was upright, loyal and highly respected for his wise counsel for the peace and affluence of Chu State as its minister. However, he was vilified by the evil power in the state. Filled with disappointment, Qu committed his suicide by jumping off into the Milou River. The nearby fish men tried in vain to find his body. Afterwards, State Chu declined and was eventually conquered by the State Qin.

The Chu people mourned for this elegant patriot and threw the Zongzi into the river to feed the spirit of Qu, and the custom of making and eating Zongzi has preserved until now. In addition, fish men's rescue attempts gradually evolved into the Dragon Boat Race.

 
Chinese Valentine's Day

 

The day falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. Looking up at the sky this day, you will find the romance is going on in the dark blue. According to the celestial phenomena, the ancient Chinese people created this love story, and the record can be dated back about 1500 years ago.

In the east of the Milky Way, there is the Star Vega that is believed the weaving girl. And in the west side, there is constellation of Aquila, that is the cowboy waiting for his wife. The weaving girl is the youngest daughter in the seven of the ? Queen of the Heaven. Together with her sister, she worked so hard to weave the colorful clouds in the sky, whereas the cowboy led a poor and lonely life with an old ox. One day the cowboy encountered the weaving girl under the direction of his ox. They fell in love with each other at the first sight, and the girl decided to stay with the cowboy on the earth. However, the Queen was annoyed about the couple's behavior. Seeing his wife flying back to the Heaven under duress, cowboy was heart-broken. As to the weaving girl, she missed her husband too much and the clouds she woven were filled with sadness. Finally, the Queen showed a little mercy allowing them to meet one time a year on the Magpie Bright that across the Sliver River. In fact, the Star Vega and constellation of Aquila do meet each other on 4 August in the sky.

Unlike the Western Valentine's Day, girls in China traditionally prepare fruits and incense as the offering to the weaving girl, praying to gain excellence in their weaving skill so as to find a good husband.
 
The Mid-autumn Day

 

The festival is celebrated at the 15th day of the eighth lunar month in China. On this day, the moon is extremely bright and perfectly round. The festival represents the unity and leisure of the people, as well as the harvest of the nature. The custom of worshipping the Moon can be traced back as far as Xia and Shang Dynasties (2000 B.C. - 1066 B.C). Today, Chinese people send their relatives and friends moon cakes as festival gift to extend their best wishes of union when the day is drawing near. They are supposed to enjoy themselves under the silver moonlight outside eating the moon cakes and appreciating the full bright moon in the evening of the festival. If one of the family members is far away on duty and fail to come home at the festival, he or she will convey the homesickness and missing through the moon. Therefore, the moon has become a medium of communication and spiritual sustenance.

There are many legends about this festival. The most popular one among the Chinese people is ¡®Hou Yi Shooting the Suns'. The story goes that during the time of Yao (about 2,000 B.C.), there lived a talented archer named Houyi. One day ten suns appear in the sky at the same time. Their scorching heat withered the crops on the earth and made people unbearable. Ordered by Emperor Yao, Houyi shot nine of them out of the sky leaving only one. As a prize for this extraordinary feat, he was given a pill of immortality from the goddess. The pill, however, was stolen by his wife named Chang E. She ate it and flew off to the moon where she lived in solitude, only accompanied by a Jade Rabbit.

To Chinese people today, it is not the romantic stories but the tradition of having family reunion on the festival that has a special appeal, because, as it might be difficult for the Westerners to understand. In the view of Chinese people, the family is very important. Therefore, the Mid-autumn Festival will continue to hold a prominent place in China 's traditional festivals. Besides, the festival is also known as a festival of harvest since various kinds of fruits and grains become mature at this time.

 
The Double Ninth Festival

 

The festival is celebrated on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. It has the history more than 1500 years. According the traditional YIN&YANG Dichotomy, YIN represents the elements of darkness and negative, while YANG brightness and positive. In China, the number ¡®9' is regarded as YANG, so the ninth day of the ninth month is the double YANG's day. In addition, the ninth month also heralds the approach of winter; it is the right time to prepare the warm clothes for winter. Hence, the younger generations extend their consideration to their elders and miss to the ancestors in this day.

Climbing mountain as well as appreciating chrysanthemums, drinking chrysanthemum wine and eating Double Ninth cake is another custom of the festival. As the Autumn is such a agreeable season, Chinese people often take the chance to appreciate the natural beauty and gather with other family members.
 
Other Celebrations:

Date

Celebration

Tips

March 8

International Women's Day

 

March 12

Arbor Day

 

May 1

International Labour Day

Chinese people has a three-day holiday from May 1 to May 3.

The second Sunday in May

Mother's Day

Now more and more Chinese people celebrate this day

June 1

International Children's Day

 

September 10

Teachers' Day

 

October 1

National Day

Chinese people has a seven-day holiday from October 1 to October 7. It is so called the Golden Week

December 25

Christmas

Now more and more young Chinese celebrate this festival.

 
 
 
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